Quantization

Definition

Quantization is the process of mapping a large set of input values to a smaller set of output values, converting continuous-amplitude samples into discrete digital values. It’s the second step in analog-to-digital conversion.

Detailed Explanation

Quantization converts infinitely precise analog samples into finite digital values:

Types of Quantization

1. Uniform Quantization

   • Equal spacing between levels
   • Simpler implementation
   • Used in most basic ADC systems

2. Non-uniform Quantization

   • Variable spacing between levels
   • Better for signals with varying amplitudes
   • Used in audio/speech processing

Quantization Parameters

• Resolution: Number of bits per sample
• Step Size: Difference between adjacent levels
• Dynamic Range: Ratio of largest to smallest representable values

Quantization Error

• Difference between actual and quantized values
• Creates quantization noise
• Can be minimized by:
  • Increasing number of quantization levels
  • Using non-uniform quantization
  • Applying dithering techniques

Notes

References